Because of their simplicity, efficiency, and economy, slow sand filters are appropriate means of water treatment for community water supply in developing countries and for small water systems in other ...

The lateral-flow sand filter (LFSF) is an alternative system for household septic-tank effluent treatment that utilizes periodic or continuous surface discharge. The purpose of this study was to ...

The application of sand filters in micro-irrigation systems remains a cornerstone of modern water management and conservation. These systems utilise granular media to remove suspended solids and ...

Biosand filters, a household-adapted variant of slow sand filters, have been engineered to optimise contaminant removal while maintaining ease of operation and low energy requirements.