The cytosolic free calcium concentration of higher plant cells is maintained at about 0.1 μM by the action of membrane calcium transporters. These act to remove calcium from the cytosol and expel it ...

The alternative to active transport is passive transport, which uses kinetic energy only to move the molecules. Passive transport can only move molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower ...

ACTIVE salt absorption is a fundamental characteristic of the living cell. In tissues and whole organisms the active transport of salts from specialized absorption organs to other parts of the body is ...

New fundamental physics research provides insights on the process of diffusion in complex systems such as living organisms. This new theoretical framework has broad implications for active surfaces, ...

Boron, though required only in minimal amounts, is vital for plant development. It strengthens cell walls and supports the growth of roots and shoots. Normally, boron, in the form of boric acid, is ...

Figure 1: Passive phloem loading in plants and in the synthetic tree-on-a-chip. Using our synthetic passive loader, we study in this paper the full dynamics of passive phloem loading, set by the ...